Chapter Seven Notes

1. Jane Waldfogel, “Understanding the ‘Family Gap’ in Pay for Women with Children,” Journal of Economic Perspectives 12, no. 1 (1998), 137–156.

2. Waldfogel, “Understanding the ‘Family Gap.’ ”

3. Shelley Correll, “Getting a Job: Is There a Motherhood Penalty?” (paper presented at the American Sociological Association’s 100th annual meeting in Philadelphia, August 15, 2005); and Daniel Aloi, “Mothers Face Disadvantages in Getting Hired, Cornell Study Says,” Cornell University News Service, August 4, 2005, http://www.news.cornell.edu/stories/Aug05/soc.mothers.dea.html.

4. Waldfogel, “Understanding the ‘Family Gap.’ ”

Ibid.

6. Heather Boushey, “No Way Out: How Prime-Age Workers Get Trapped in Minimum-Wage Jobs,” WorkingUSA: The Journal of Labor and Society 8 (December 2005), http://www.cepr.net/publications/labor_markets_2005_05.pdf.

7. Waldfogel, “Understanding the ‘Family Gap.’ ”

8. Boushey, “No Way Out.”

9. Heather Boushey and John Schmitt, Impact of Proposed Minimum-Wage Increase on Low-Income Families (Washington, D.C.: Center for Economic and Policy Research, 2005), http://www.cepr.net/publications/labor_market_2005_12.pdf.

10. The Women, Infants, and Children website is at http://www.fns.usda.gov/wic/.

11. Boushey and Schmitt, Impact of Proposed Minimum-Wage Increase.

12. Economic Policy Institute, Minimum Wage: Facts at a Glance (Economic Policy Institute, 2005), http://www.epi.org/content.cfm/issueguides_minwage_minwagefacts.

13. U.S. Department of Labor, “Minimum Wage Laws in the States: California,” 2005, http://www.dol.gov/esa/minwage/america.htm#California.

14. DOL, “Minimum Wage,” http://www.dol.gov/dol/topic/wages/minimumwage.htm(accessed August 2005).

15. DOL, “Minimum Wage Laws in the States,” 2005, http://www.dol.gov/esa/minwage/america.htm.

16. DOL, “Minimum Wage Laws in the States: Florida,” 2005, http://www.dol.gov/esa/minwage/america.htm#Florida.

17. Boushey and Schmitt, Impact of Proposed Minimum-Wage Increase.

18. Economic Policy Institute, Minimum Wage: Facts at a Glance.

19. Boushey, “No Way Out.”

20. U.S. Census Bureau, “People: Income and Employment,” 2005, http://factfinder.census.gov/jsp/saff/SAFFInfo.jsp?_pageId=tp6_income_employment.

21. The Self-Sufficiency Standard was created by Wider Opportunities for Women (WOW) and Dr. Diana Pearce, founder of the Women and Poverty Project at WOW and a professor at the University of Washington.

22. Diana Pearce with Jennifer Brooks, The Self-Sufficiency Standard for California 2003 (Oakland, CA: National Economic Development and Law Center, 2003), http://www.sixstrategies.org/files/2003%20CA%20Full%20Report%20with%20Map.pdf, 10.

23. Michael Reich et al., Living Wages and Airport Security: Preliminary Report (Berkeley, CA: Institute for Labor and Employment, 2001), http://www.iir.berkeley.edu/livingwage/pdf/air_sep01.pdf, 3.

24. Ibid.

25. Ibid., 5–6.

26. Ibid., 6.

27. David Card and Alan B. Krueger, “Minimum Wages and Employment: A Case Study of the Fast-Food Industry in New Jersey and Pennsylvania,” The American Economic Review 84, no. 4 (1994), 772–793.

28. Fiscal Policy Institute, State Minimum Wages and Employment in Small Businesses (New York: Fiscal Policy Institute, 2004), http://www.fiscalpolicy.org/minimumwageandsmallbusiness.pdf.

29. Ibid., 16.

30. Jared Bernstein et al., The Minimum Wage Increase: A Working Woman’s Issue (Economic Policy Institute, 1999), http://www.epinet.org/content.cfm/issuebriefs_ib133.

31. U.S. Census Bureau, “Table H1. Percent Childless and Births per 1,000 Women in the Last Year: Selected Years, 1976 to Present, 2001,” http://www.census.gov/population/socdemo/fertility/tabH1.pdf.

32. U.S. Census Bureau, “People: Income and Employment.”

33. In 1980, mothers earned 56 percent of men’s salaries, while non-mothers earned 66 percent (a 10 percent mommy wage gap). But by 1991, nonmothers’ earnings rocketed to 90.1 percent, while mothers earned only 72.6 percent (an increased 17.5 percent mommy wage gap). Waldfogel, “Understanding the ‘Family Gap.’ ”

34. AFL-CIO, “What’s Wrong with CEO Pay (2004),” http://www.aflcio.org/corporateamerica/paywatch/retirementsecurity/case_walmart.cfm (accessed August 2005).

35. Stephen Bezruchka, “The (Bigger) Picture of Health,” in John de Graaf, ed., Take Back Your Time: Fighting Overwork and Time Poverty in America (San Francisco: Berrett-Koehler Publishers, 2003).

36. Paul Krugman, “Always Low Wages. Always.” New York Times, May 13, 2005, http://www.commondreams.org/views05/0513-26.htm.

37. Ibid.

38. Correll, “Getting a Job”; and Aloi, “Mothers Face Disadvantages.”