Chapter Six Notes

1. Karen Schulman, Key Facts: Essential Information about childcare, Early Education and School-Age Care (Children’s Defense Fund, 2003), 8

2. Karen Schulman, Key Facts, 3.

3. Julia Overturf Johnson, Who’s Minding the Kids? childcare Arrangements: Winter 2002, Current Population Reports, U.S. Census Bureau, Washington, D.C., 2005.

4. “While no national data are available, a study of childcare centers in California revealed that the average turnover rate between 1999 and 2000 was 30 percent for all teaching staff. Over half (56 percent) of these centers that reported turnover in 1999 had not succeeded in replacing the staff they had lost. Three-quarters (76 percent) of the teaching staff employed in the childcare centers studied in 1996 and 82 percent of those working in programs in 1994 were no longer working in those childcare centers in 2000,” wrote Karen Schulman, National Women’s Law Center, in a December 16, 2005 e-mail to the author, sourcing Marcy Whitebook et al., Then and Now: Changes in childcare Staffing, 1994–2000 (Washington, D.C.: Center for the childcare Workforce, 2001).

5. Jody Heymann et al., The Work, Family, and Equity Index: Where Does the United States Stand Globally? (Boston: Project on Global Working Families, 2004), 2.

6. Children’s Defense Fund calculations, based on data from the U.S. Census Bureau, Current Population Survey Annual Demographic Supplement, Detailed Income Tables, “Table FINC-03. Presence of Related Children Under 18 Years Old—All Families, by Total Money Income in 2001, Type of Family Work Experience in 2001, Race and Hispanic Origin of Reference Person,” http://ferret.bls.census.gov/macro/032002/faminc/new03_000.htm.

7. Karen Schulman, Key Facts, 7.

8. Heymann et al., The Work, Family, and Equity Index, 2.

9. Ibid., 44.

10. Karen Schulman, Key Facts, 4.

11. Karen Schulman, Key Facts, 4.

12. Karen Schulman, Key Facts, 5.

13. Raquel Bernal and Michael P. Keane, “Maternal Time, childcare and Child Cognitive Development: The Case of Single Mothers,” 2005, http://eswc2005.econ.ucl.ac.uk/papers/ESWC/2005/1405/Bernal_Keane_Maternal%20Time_01_2005.pdf; and Reuters, “Childcare Choices Impact Kids’ Achievement,” MSNBC, August 2, 2005, http://msnbc.msn.com/id/9042555/.

14. Bureau of Labor Statistics, “Table 1. National Employment and Wage Data from the Occupational Employment Statistics Survey by Occupation,” November 2004, http://www.bls.gov/news.release/ocwage.t01.htm.

15. Carnegie Corporation of New York, “Years of Promise: A Comprehensive Learning Strategy for America’s Children,” September 1996, http://www.carnegie.org/sub/pubs/execsum.html.

16. Karen Schulman, The High Cost of childcare Puts Quality Care Out of Reach for Many Families (Washington, D.C.: Children’s Defense Fund, 2000), http://www.childrensdefense.org/childcare/childcare/highcost.pdf.

17. Children’s Defense Fund calculations, based on data from the U.S. Census Bureau, “Table FINC-03.”

18. According to Air Force Lieutenant Colonel Ellen Krenke, spokesperson for the Department of Defense (in a May 2005 email to the author), “For FY 2004, the appropriated fund budget was $379 million. This does not include the supplemental funds as they are not meant for or used for regular operations. The number of children served in our child development program according to our 2004 annual report from the Services and Defense Logistics Agency is 207,211.”

19. National Women’s Law Center, “Military childcare Continues to Serve as Model for the Country, NWLC Report Shows,” news release, August 10, 2005, http://www.nwlc.org/details.cfm?id=2357&section=newsroom.

20. Ibid.

21. Schulman, The High Cost of Childcare.

22. “The official poverty rate in 2003 was 12.5 percent, up from 12.1 percent in 2002. In 2003, 35.9 million people were in poverty, up 1.3 million from 2002. From 2000 both the poverty number and rate have risen for three consecutive years, from 31.6 million and 11.3 percent in 2000, to 35.9 million and 12.5 percent in 2003.” U.S. Census Bureau, “People: Poverty,” http://factfinder.census.gov/jsp/saff/SAFFInfo.jsp?_pageId=tp8_poverty.

23. National Women’s Law Center, “Military childcare Continues to Serve as Model.”

24. Barbara Sporcic, child and youth services coordinator at Fort Lewis in Washington State, interview with the author, May 19, 2005.

25. National Women’s Law Center, “Military childcare Continues to Serve as Model.”

26. Ibid.

27. Ibid.

28. Sporcic, interview with the author, May 19, 2005.

29. Clive Belfield and Dennis Winters, An Economic Analysis of Four-Year-Old Kindergarten in Wisconsin. (Trust for Early Education, 2004) http://www.preknow.org/documents/WIEconImpactReport_Sept2005.pdf.

30. Karen Schulman Key Facts, 8; J. Lee Kreader et al., Scant Increases After Welfare Reform: Regulated childcare Supply in Illinois and Maryland, 1996–1998 (New York: Columbia University, National Center for Children in Poverty, 2000), http://www.nccp.org/media/ccr00c-text.pdf.

31. Karen Schulman, Key Facts, 8.

32. According to Air Force Lieutenant Colonel Ellen Krenke, spokesperson for the Department of Defense (in a May 2005 email to the author), “For FY 2004, the appropriated fund budget was $379 million. This does not include the supplemental funds as they are not meant for or used for regular operations. The number of children served in our child development program according to our 2004 annual report from the Services and Defense Logistics Agency is 207,211.”

33. Schulman, The High Cost of childcare.

34. Bureau of Labor Statistics, “National Employment and Wage Data.”

35. Belfield and Winters, An Economic Analysis of Four-Year-Old Kindergarten in Wisconsin. http://www.preknow.org/documents/WIEconImpactReport_Sept2005.pdf.

36. National Association of childcare Resource and Referral Agencies, Childcare in America, http://www.naccrra.org/docs/Child_Care_In_America_Facts.pdf; and Eugene Smolensky and Jennifer Appleton Gootman, eds., Working Families and Growing Kids: Caring for Children and Adolescents (Washington, D.C.: National Academies Press: 2003), http://www.nap.edu/openbook/0309087031/html/43.html.

37. Karen Schulman, Key Facts, 5.