1. American Academy of Pediatrics, “Television: What Children See and Learn,” http://www.aap.org/pubed/ZZZNKWJGQ2D.htm?&sub_cat=1.
2. Institute of Medicine, “Advertising, Marketing and the Media: Improving Messages,” September 2004, http://www.iom.edu/Object.File/Master/22/609/0.pdf, drawn from Jeffrey P. Koplan et al., eds., Preventing Childhood Obesity: Health in the Balance (Washington, D.C.: National Academies Press, 2005).
3. The Center on Media and Child Health, “The Effects of Electronic Media on Children Ages Zero to Six: A History of Research,” January 2005, Kaiser Family Foundation, http://www.kff.org/entmedia/upload/The-Effects-of-Electronic-Media-on-Children-Ages-Zero-to-Six-A-History-of-Research-Issue-Brief.pdf, 4.
4. Ibid., 4.
5. Ibid., 7 and 9.
6. Kaiser Family Foundation, “ ‘Media Multi-tasking’ Changing the Amount and Nature of Young People’s Media Use,” news release, March 9, 2005, http://www.kff.org/entmedia/entmedia030905nr.cfm.
7. Ibid.
8. Craig A. Anderson et al., “The Influence of Media Violence on Youth,” Psychological Science in the Public Interest 4, no. 3 (2003), http://www.psychologicalscience.org/pdf/pspi/pspi43.pdf; Kevin W. Saunders, “The V-Chip: Coming Up Short or Unconstitutional Overreaching?” West Virginia Journal of Law and Technology 1, no. 1 (1997), http://www.wvu.edu/~law/wvjolt/Arch/Saunde/Saunde.htm; and Common Sense Media, “Impact of Media,” http://www.commonsensemedia.org/resources/index.php.
9. Todd Gitlin, “Is Media Violence Free Speech?” debate between George Gerbner and Todd Gitlin, HotWired, July 9, 1997, http://www.hotwired.com/synapse/braintennis/97/27/right2.html.
10. Eugene V. Beresin, MD, “Media Violence and Youth,” Academic Psychiatry 23 (1999), http://ap.psychiatryonline.org/cgi/content/abstract/23/2/111. Beresin referred to the study Sumiko Iwao et al. “Japanese and U.S. media: Some cross-cultural insights into TV violence,” Journal of Communication 31 (1981), 28–36. Also see Center for Media Literacy, “Media Violence: Japan vs. America,” http://www.medialit.org/reading_room/article538.html.
11. George Gerbner, “Is Media Violence Free Speech?” http://www.hotwired.com/synapse/braintennis/97/27/left2.html.
12. Indiana University School of Medicine, “Media Violence Linked to Concentration, Self-Control,” news release, June 9, 2005, http://www.medicine.indiana.edu/news_releases/viewRelease.php4?art=346&print=true. The Indiana University School of Medicine research was published in Vincent P. Mathews et al., “Media Violence Exposure and Frontal Lobe Activation Measured by Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Aggressive and Nonaggressive Adolescents,” Journal of Computer Assisted Tomography 29 (May/June 2005), 287–292.
13. Kaiser Family Foundation, “Number of Sexual Scenes on TV Nearly Double Since 1998,” news release, November 9, 2005, http://www.kff.org/entmedia/entmedia110905nr.cfm.
14. Rebecca L. Collins, PhD, et al., “Watching Sex on Television Predicts Adolescent Initiation of Sexual Behavior,” Pediatrics 114, no. 3 (2004), http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/cgi/content/full/114/3/e280?eaf#SEC2; and Common Sense Media, “Teens Who Watch Sex on TV Are Twice as Likely to Have Sex Themselves,” September 7, 2004, http://www.commonsensemedia.org/resources/sex_and_dating.php?id=3.
15. Kaiser Family Foundation, “ ‘Media Multi-tasking’ Changing the Amount and Nature of Young People’s Media Use.”
16. Ibid.
17. Federal Communications Commission, “How to Prevent Viewing Objectionable Television Programs,” http://ftp.fcc.gov/cgb/consumerfacts/objectionabletv.html.
18. Federal Communications Commission, “The TV Parental Guidelines,” http://www.fcc.gov/parents/parent_guide.html.
19. Kaiser Family Foundation, “Few Parents Use V-Chip to Block TV Sex and Violence, But More Than Half Use TV Ratings to Pick What Kids Can Watch,” news release, July 24, 2001, http://www.kff.org/entmedia/3158-V-Chip-release.cfm.
20. Ibid.
21. “MPAA System for Rating Films Offers Parents Little Guidance on Violent Content, Study Finds,” UCLA Public Health, May 2005, http://www.ph.ucla.edu/magazine/sph.6.05.research.pdf
22. Kaiser Family Foundation, “Few Parents Use V-Chip to Block TV Sex and Violence.”
23. Federal Communications Commission, “TV Channel Blocking,” http://www.fcc.gov/parents/channelblocking.html.
24. Karen Schulman, Key Facts: Essential Information about childcare, Early Education and School-Age Care (Children’s Defense Fund, 2003), 5; and J. K. Posner and D. L. Vandell, “Low-Income Children’s After-School Care: Are There Beneficial Effects of After-School Programs?” Child Development 65 (April 1994), http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=8013233&dopt=Citation.
25. James Alan Fox, PhD, Trends in Juvenile Violence: A Report to the United States Attorney General on Current and Future Rates of Juvenile Offending, report prepared for the Bureau of Justice Statistics, United States Department of Justice, March 1996, http://www.ojp.usdoj.gov/bjs/pub/pdf/tjvfox2.pdf; and Fox, Juvenile Violence in the After School Hours, September 6, 1999, http://www.jfox.neu.edu/timeofday96web.htm.
26. Afterschool Alliance, America After 3 PM: A Household Survey on Afterschool in America, http://www.afterschoolalliance.org/press_archives/america_3pm/Executive_Summary.pdf.
27. William O. Brown et al., The Costs and Benefits of After School Programs: The Estimated Effects of the After School Education and Safety Program Act of 2002, September 2002, http://rose.claremontmckenna.edu/publications/pdf/after_school.pdf.
28. University of Otago, New Zealand, “Research Confirms Link Between TV and Childhood Obesity,” news release, September 13, 2005, http://www.otago.ac.nz/news/news/2005/13-09-05_press_release.html.