1. Sylvia Ann Hewlett and Carolyn Buck Luce, “Off-Ramps and On-Ramps: Keeping Talented Women on the Road to Success,” Harvard Business Review, March 1, 2005, 8–9.
2. According to the AFL-CIO, “One study found that flextime is available to nearly two-thirds (62 percent) of workers of more than $71,000 a year but to less than one-third (31 percent) of working parents with incomes less than $28,000.” American Federation of Labor and Congress of Industrial Organizations, “Family Friendly Work Schedules,” http://www.aflcio.org/issues/workfamily/workschedules.cfm.
3. Martin H. Malin et al., Work/Family Conflict, Union Style: Labor Arbitrations Involving Family Care (Washington, D.C.: Program on WorkLife Law, 2004), 9. This story also appears in Miriam Peskowitz, The Truth Behind the Mommy Wars: Who Decides What Makes a Good Mother? (Emeryville, CA: Seal Press, 2005), 123–124.
4. Malin et al., Work/Family Conflict, Union Style, 9.
5. Ibid.
6. AFL-CIO, “Family Friendly Work Schedules.”
7. Hewlett and Buck Luce, “Off-Ramps and On-Ramps,” 5.
8. Ibid.
9. Joyce P. Jacobsen and Laurence M. Levin, “The Effects of Intermittent Labor Force Attachment on Women’s Earnings,” Monthly Labor Review 118, no. 9 (September 1995), http://www.bls.gov/opub/mlr/1995/09/art2full.pdf.
10. Families and Work Institute, “2005 National Study of Employers Reveals Changes in Work Life Assistance Offered to America’s Employees,” news release, October 13, 2005, http://familiesandwork.org/press/2005nserelease.html; and Rhona Rapoport et al., Beyond Work-Family Balance: Advancing Gender Equity and Workplace Performance (San Francisco: Jossey-Bass, 2002).
11. Hewlett and Buck Luce, “Off-Ramps and On-Ramps.”
12. Ibid, 1.
13. Lotte Bailyn et al., “Unexpected Connections: Considering Employees’ Personal Lives Can Revitalize Your Business,” MIT Sloan Management Review 38, no. 4 (Summer 1997), 11–19; and Rapoport et al., Beyond Work-Family Balance, 67–68.
14. Jyoti Thottam, “Reworking Work,” Time, July 25, 2005, http://www.time.com/time/archive/preview/0,10987,1083900,00.html.
15. Ibid.
16. Hewlett and Buck Luce, “Off-Ramps and On-Ramps,” 9.
17. Thottam, “Reworking Work.”
18. Families and Work Institute, “2005 National Study of Employers Reveals Changes.”
19. Ibid.
20. James T. Bond et al., When Work Works: Summary of Families and Work Institute Research Findings, Families and Work Institute, http://familiesandwork.org/3w/research/downloads/3wes.pdf.
21. Ibid.
22. Karen Kornbluh, Win-Win Flexibility (Washington, D.C.: New America Foundation, 2005), http://www.newamerica.net/Download_Docs/pdfs/Doc_File_2436_1.pdf.
23. “Employed, married women with household before tax income levels ranging from $10,000 to $74,999 have decreased odds of using flextime compared with those having household incomes of $75,000 and above.” Jodi R. Billings and Deanna L. Sharpe, “Factors Influencing Flextime Usage Among Employed Married Women,” Consumer Interests Annual 45 (1999), 92.
24. Carol Ostrom, “Jobs to Share,” in John de Graaf, ed., Take Back Your Time: Fighting Overwork and Time Poverty in America (San Francisco: Berrett-Koehler Publishers, 2003), 146–153.
25. “Part-time professionals reported less work-to-family conflict in terms of interference and strain than full-time professional (2.4, and 3.0 on a scale from 1-5).” “Part-Time Work: Work-to-Family Conflict,” Sloan Work and Family Research Network, http://wfnetwork.bc.edu/statistics_template.php?id=1704&topic=10, from E. Jeffrey Hill et al., “New-Concept Part-Time Employment as a Work-Family Adaptive Strategy for Women Professionals with Small Children,” Family Relations 53, no. 3 (2004), 282–292. Also see Sloan Work and Family Research Network, “Part-Time Work,” http://wfnetwork.bc.edu/topic_extended.php?id=10&type=1.
26. “Among full- and part-time employees who work for organizations that employ part-time workers, 61 percent say that part-timers receive less than pro rata pay and benefits compared with full-time employees in the same positions just because they work part-time.” Sloan Work and Family Research Network, “Part-Time Work: Less Benefits than Full-Time Work in the Same Position,” http://wfnetwork.bc.edu/statistics_template.php?id=1728&topic=10, from the National Study of the Changing Workforce, Families and Work Institute, 2002.
27. “In 2001, 18.5 percent of regular part-time workers had health insurance coverage provided by their employer, [compared to] 69 percent of regular fulltime employees.” Sloan Work and Family Research Network, “Health Insurance Coverage Lower for Part-Time Workers than Full-Time Workers,” http://wfnetwork.bc.edu/statistics_template.php?id=1718&topic=10, from Jeffrey Wenger, Share of Workers in “Nonstandard” Jobs Declines (Washington, D.C.: Economic Policy Institute, 2003).
28. “According to a study of municipal employers, ‘There are significantly less benefits provided to part-time workers as opposed to full-time workers. Part-time employees are covered for the following: vacation (44 percent), sick leave (18 percent), pension (34 percent), health insurance (21 percent), life insurance (18 percent), dental insurance (16 percent). More full-time employees are covered for the same benefits: vacation (95 percent), sick leave (56 percent), pension (79 percent), health insurance (76 percent), life insurance (87 percent), dental insurance (59 percent).’ ” “Part-time employees covered for less benefits than full-time employees,” Sloan Work and Family Research Network, http://wfnetwork.bc.edu/statistics_template.php?id=1736&topic=10, from Gary E. Roberts, “Municipal Government Part-Time Employee Benefits Practices,” Public Personnel Management 32, no. 3 (2003), 435–454.
29. “The Center for WorkLife Law,” Word document e-mailed to author, September 2005.
30. Rapoport et al., Beyond Work-Family Balance, 67–68.
31. Joan Williams, Unbending Gender: Why Family and Work Conflict and What to Do About It (New York: Oxford University Press, 2000), 89–90.
32. Ariane Hegewisch et al., Working Time for Working Families: Europe and the United States (Washington, D.C.: Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung, 2005), http://www.uchastings.edu/site_files/WLL/FESWorkingTimePublication.pdf, 55.
33. Ibid., 69.
34. National Association of childcare Resource and Referral Agencies, Childcare in America, http://www.naccrra.org/docs/Child_Care_In_America_Facts.pdf; and Eugene Smolensky and Jennifer Appleton Gootman, eds., Working Families and Growing Kids: Caring for Children and Adolescents (Washington, D.C.: National Academies Press: 2003), http://www.nap.edu/openbook/0309087031/html/43.html.
35. NACCRRA, Childcare in America; Smolensky and Appleton Gootman, Working Families and Growing Kids; U.S. Census Bureau, “Women’s History Month, March 1–31,” press release, February 14, 2003, http://www.census.gov/Press-Release/www/2003/cb03ff03.html; and U.S. Census Bureau, “Labor Force Participation for Mothers with Infants Declines for First Time, Census Bureau Reports,” press release, October 18, 2001, http://www.census.gov/Press-Release/www/2001/cb01-170.html.
36. Barbara Downs, Fertility of American Women: June 2002, Current Population Reports, U.S. Census Bureau, Washington, D.C., 2003. This paragraph originally appeared in Kristin Rowe-Finkbeiner, The F-Word: Feminism in Jeopardy (Emeryville, CA: Seal Press, 2004).
37. Downs, Fertility of American Women.
38. Donald Hernandez, We the American . . . Children, U.S. Census Bureau, Washington, D.C., 1993, http://www.census.gov/apsd/wepeople/we-10.pdf.
39. Jodi Grant et al., Expecting Better: A State-by-State Analysis of Parental Leave Programs (Washington, D.C.: National Partnership for Women and Families, 2005), http://www.nationalpartnership.org/portals/p3/library/PaidLeave/ParentalLeaveReportMay05.pdf, 7.
40. Jacobsen and Levin, “The Effects of Intermittent Labor Force Attachment.”
41. Ibid.
42. Ibid.
43. Anne J. Stone and Jennifer E. Griffith, Older Women: The Economics of Aging (Washington, D.C.: Women’s Research and Education Institute, 1998), 35.
44. This passage originally appeared in The F-Word.
45. This passage originally appeared in The F-Word.
46. Center for Women’s Business Research, A Compendium of National Statistics on Women-Owned Businesses in the U.S., report prepared for the National Women’s Business Council, September 2001, http://www.nwbc.gov/documents/compendium.pdf.
47. Total leave is better in the thirty Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) member countries. The OECD is an intergovernmental organization of industrialized countries. Anna Cristina d’Addio and Marco Mira d’Ercole, “Trends and Determinants of Fertility Rates in OECD Countries: The Role of Policies” (working paper, Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, Paris, November 2005), http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/7/33/35304751.pdf, page 57.
48. Kornbluh, Win-Win Flexibility, 1.
49. Hewlett and Buck Luce, “Off-Ramps and On-Ramps,” 11.
50. Sylvia Ann Hewlett et al., The Hidden Brain Drain: Off-Ramps and On-Ramps in Women’s Careers (Harvard Business School Press, 2005).
51. Hewlett and Buck Luce, “Off-Ramps and On-Ramps,” 4.